Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Example

Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Example Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Introduction And Identification Of The Policy Social Work Essay Essay Domestic force is one of the chief societal issues, which have serious and negative impact on persons, households, and society, domestic force has received great attending in recent old ages ( Newbold, 2000 ) . Prior to 1970, constabulary was loath to step in in domestic difference because of the traditional and cultural believes about household relationship. There was a demand of a better policy to collar the wrongdoer and back up the victim to experience safe. In 1987 New Zealand constabularies adopted a more positive attack while covering with domestic force, called Pro-Arrest policy. Under Pro-Arrest policy, victims are provided with appropriate and timely support and wrongdoers are arrested without a formal ailment. New Zealand constabulary implemented this policy and some other major researches and factors played of import function in the devising of this policy. Social policy is a societal agreement for mundane life. Although the jobs of mundane life of a individual are seen as a personal job, these mundane issues are the component of a societal policy. Different people may hold different jobs and issues, when an issue is identified as an issue of common concern than people seek a common societal solution for it. A program of action is developed to work out the common issue and have a policy proposal, and when this proposal is adopted by a authorities section it is called policy. When the program of action is about quality of life than it is called societal policy ( Dalton et al 1996 ) . Violence refers to behaviours that injuries and makes person feel afraid. One specific type of force is domestic force. During the colonial period, Maori kids were punished and beaten for talking their ain linguistic communication this might hold developed a idea in Maori male that larning can merely be made by crushing ( Marshall A ; Marshall, 1997 ) . Pro Apprehension Policy Domestic force has become an mundane common issue and as the effects of the failure of old attacks of constabulary towards domestic force, Pro Arrest policy came in to existence in 1987. Police was moving as go-between in the state of affairs of crisis and focused on rapprochement of the spouses and avoid the apprehension of attacker if possible. Anterior to Pro-Arrest policy, adult females were non doing formal ailment against their opprobrious spouse because they were non able to afford equal support for them and their kids and did non desire to go forth their opprobrious spouses. At the same clip constabulary was non holding plenty cognition about the support available for the victim in the community ( Newbold A ; Cross 2008 ) . Why Pro-Arrest Policy is a societal policy ( Definition ) Policies can be described as an act, or jurisprudence of the parliament which can be in the signifier of papers or proclamation and which require some actions for the well-being of the people are societal policies ( Duncan, 2007 ) . Social policy is a portion of a populace policy which is planned and actions are taken to better and run into human demands such as instruction, wellness, lodging and societal security and maintaining of better life conditions for the people. To keep the well-being of the household and to supply societal security to the victim there was a demand of an equal societal policy. Pro apprehension policy is a piece of societal policy because it was introduced to protect and supply support to the victim of the force through community bureaus, and collaring the wrongdoer without the formal ailment. Pro apprehension policy was introduced by New Zealand constabularies, which has straight affected the people. Pro apprehension policy made major alterations in the old attacks, which included: all domestic difference ailments were officially recorded harmonizing to the applicable offenses and efforts were made to set plaintiffs in touch with societal service bureaus for ongoing support. The policy instructed that an wrongdoer be arrested where there was sufficient grounds and that the victim did non hold to do an official ailment ( Pro-arrest policy a literature reappraisal, 2006 ) . Interest Groups Police personals are on the front line to cover with domestic force, New Zealand constabulary was one of the administrations interested to explicate a new attack towards household force. In 1985 a household force conference was held at the Royal New Zealand Police College to turn to ways of holding a different attack to domestic force. Sergeant Greg Ford of New Zealand constabularies presented a study sketching his survey trip to the United States and introduced Pro-Arrest policy at conference. Family force bar coordination commission was established to look deeper in to the Pro-Arrest policy. The Department of Child Youth and Family ( CYFS ) is another involvement group in the procedure of explicating the Pro-Arrest policy. CYFS define the domestic force as a societal and condemnable job that can ensue in the decease or disability of its victim. Family force represents a serious maltreatment of power within the household ( Child Youth and Family, 2001 ) . Department of Social public assistance recognized the demand of a different attack towards domestic force where a kid can be protected by an early intercession. Health service suppliers are the major involvement group in the preparation of the Pro-Arrest policy. New Zealand wellness services are overburdened by the figure of the service users. The increased figure of the domestic force was increasing the work burden on the services and impacting on the quality of the services. The long waiting list at Emergency section and for major and minor intervention or surgeries is the illustrations of job faced by Hospital and patients. Arguments At the Family force conference held by New Zealand constabularies in 1985, the traditional attack was described as non-involvement or reluctant intercession by bulk of constabulary sections. At the confrence Sergeant Greg Ford of New Zealand constabularies put his argued towards the demand of a alteration in philosophy and attack . Ford s study argued that the Pro-Arrest policy is already been adopted by other states including Britain and USA, and it is working towards cut downing the figure of household force incidents ( Family force and pro apprehension policy a literature reappraisal 2006/2 ) . Domestic force takes many signifiers of opprobrious behaviours used by culprits and is the constitution of control and fright in an grownup relationship. Children, who see, hear or are cognizant of domestic force in their places, experience negative developmental, emotional, psychological and behavioural effects. Child public assistance bureaus are responsible for the attention and protection of the kids by maintaining them safe from any injury or danger. Children life in the households where force is common are at high hazard of injury and maltreatment. Department of Social public assistance recognized the demand of a different attack towards domestic force where a kid can be protected by an early intercession. New Zealand s Health attention services are fighting to cover with inmate and people describing at exigency section. Different section of the infirmaries are holding long waiting list and patients are waiting for their intervention. Victims of domestic force are adding up in to the Numberss of the patients already sing the infirmary and doing it more hard to get the better of their waiting list. It is of import to cut down the figure of domestic force incidents to supply seasonably intervention to the patients and cut down the load on resources. The wellness boards were interested for a more practical and effectual attack to command the domestic force. Tacticss Family Violence Prevention Coordinating Committee ( FVPCC ) was established at the Family Violence Conference in 1985 to look Pro-Arrest responses in more deepness. FVPCC, consisting authorities bureaus and community administrations and was operated from the Department of Social Welfare. The commission suggested a coordination and affair between assorted bureaus and sections those who are involved with facets of household force, development of an interagency attack to household force. Sergeant Greg Ford s study was indicating towards the demand of a alteration in philosophy and attack , these alterations included: all domestic difference ailments were officially recorded. Changing the cryptography of domestic differences harmonizing to the applicable offense. Attempts were made to set plaintiffs in touch with societal service bureaus so they could be provided with on-going support and apprehensions were made in instances where a Prima facie offense was established without the demand for an official ailment from the victim ( Family force and the pro-arrest policy: a literature reappraisal, 2006 ) . Many victims of household force would non reach the constabulary or any other bureau to do a formal ailment against their opprobrious spouse because of certain barriers such as money, safe lodging, wellness, unemployment. Health attention suppliers are hence good placed to prosecute in early designation, support and referral. Government bureaus are dependent on presentment of maltreatment received from outside beginnings. Health attention professional has set an docket which includes mentioning the patient to a specializer household force bureau, Police, attorney and ( for under 17-year-olds ) , child protection service such as Child, Youth and Family, if required ( Family Violence Intervention Guidelines ) . The FVPCC realised that a alteration in apprehension policy entirely would non dramatically cut down reoffending, and established an intercession undertaking, the Hamilton Abuse Intervention Pilot Project ( HAIPP ) in 1991 to see the mechanisms of household force through the Power and Control theoretical account. The purpose of the undertaking was to halt the force and this is achieved through protecting, back uping and informing victims and altering the wrongdoer s behaviour through answerability and rehabilitation. ( Newbold A ; Cross, 2008 ) . Aims Society will profit when adult females are freed from maltreatment by male spouses. It means guaranting that there is a web of support, co-ordination of services, protection by the constabulary and justness system, proviso of ongoing support for her and her kids and back uping her once more if she returns to an opprobrious spouse. Prior to 1970 the constabulary attack towards domestic difference was more of as a go-between. There was a demand of a different attack to protect the victim and cut down the figure of household force incidents. Internationally and in New Zealand the feminist motion, the authorities and constabulary has played a major function in the procedure of altering constabulary response towards domestic force. The chief aims of the Pro Arrest policy were to protect the victim of domestic force by collaring the wrongdoer without any formal ailment and supply ongoing support after the apprehension of the wrongdoer. The policy emphasized the demand of a alteration in the thought of the constabulary personal and their attack towards domestic force. Use of apprehensions as a preferable jurisprudence enforcement response for cut downing subsequent victimization of adult females by their spouses. Coordination between different community and authorities bureaus can supply support to the victim ; by get the better ofing the barriers those are keeping adult females to do a formal ailment against her opprobrious spouse. Political political orientation Before the 1950s, New Zealand was considered as a generous public assistance province, because of comparatively high societal outgo as a per centum of the gross domestic merchandise and besides the high rewards. The public assistance province statement was besides based on the fact that New Zealand was the first state to offer European adult females the ballot in 1893, the first to present a to the full state-funded old age pension in 1898, a household allowance in 1926, and subsidized wellness attention and unemployment benefits in 1938. New Zealand authoritiess besides developed benefits for widows and abandoned married womans before Australia, Canada and several European states. New Zealand authorities restructured big parts of the province after mid 1980s, and made alterations to some societal plans. New Zealand authorities has encouraged the development of a corporate attack to happen solution to societal jobs and to present societal plans ( Baker, M. 2002 ) . New Zealand s Pro Arrest policy , concentrating on province plans, policies and Torahs that straight impact on households. Pro Arrest policy is linked with both public assistance province societal development and societal democratic political political orientation. Coordination and affair between the assorted community bureaus and authorities sections those who are involved with the facets of household force and development of an interagency attack to household force is an of import portion of Pro-Arrest policy and was besides suggested by FVPCC. The docket set by FVPCC is linked with the societal democratic statement of a corporate attack to work out societal jobs. Attempts were made to set plaintiffs in touch with societal service bureaus so they could be provided with on-going support to go more employable and self-sufficing. Social development theoretical account of public assistance province provide protection to the people in difficult times by supplying minimal degree of income and publicly funded services. And accent on assisting and back uping people while they lift their accomplishments ( Holland, G. ) . Aim of the HAIPP undertaking was to halt the force and this is achieved through protecting, back uping and informing victims and altering the wrongdoer s behaviour by condemning of maltreaters to a structured instruction plan. Child public assistance bureau argued to protect the kids from the injury caused by household force by cut downing household force incidents. To accomplish this end, the involvement groups has used corporate attack which includes presentment by wellness attention suppliers ; support plan for victims by different community bureaus is linked with societal democratic political political orientation theoretical account of public assistance province. Decision Social policy is a portion of a populace policy which is created to better and run into humanA demands. Domestic force is one of the major societal issues which are impacting negatively on the relationship of the spouses and on the development of the kids. This study has discussed about the Pro apprehension policy, which is a societal policy and was introduced to protect and supply support to the victim and to cut down the figure of household force incidents. Sergeant Ford s experiment resulted in presenting the Pro apprehension policy in New Zealand in 1987, brought major alteration in the constabulary intercession to a household force. New Zealand constabularies, wellness section and other community bureaus including Child Youth and Family identified the issue and argued in support of the Pro-Arrest policy. The chief aims of the Pro Arrest policy are to protect the victim of domestic force and supply ongoing support after the apprehension of the opprobrious spouse. The policy instructed that an wrongdoer be arrested where there was sufficient grounds and that the victim did non hold to do an official ailment. This study besides shows that New Zealand s Pro Arrest policy is linked to welfare province and societal democratic political political orientation. The statement given by FVPCC sing the coordination and affair between the assorted bureaus and sections involved with facets of household force is linked with the societal democratic statement of a corporate attack to work out some societal jobs.

To what extent can some problems in Middle Eastern politics be blamed Essay

To what extent can some problems in Middle Eastern politics be blamed on colonial or imperial intervention - Essay Example he colonial and imperial powers.2 This essay therefore seeks to assess to what extent the currently witnessed problems in the Middle East can be traced to the colonial periods. It takes into account that despite that fact that colonial rule in the Middle East ended many years ago, the tendrils of its legacy evokes the currently domestic problems in those states.3 This paper unearths the political institutions, systems and governing policies instituted by the colonial and imperial powers as a way of assessing the root causes of the modern problems in the colonized states in the Middle East. Baxter and Akbarzadeh noted that the so called â€Å"Middle East† was largely a westernized invention, right form its leaderships style to its forms of governance inclusive of the territorial boundaries.4 After the First World War, the colonial masters- Britain and France - drew arbitrary boundaries which later were developed to give birth to the current Middle Eastern countries. At first the colonizers-the British and the French barely noticed that their arbitrary created boundaries sliced through cultures and to a greater extend forced antagonistic tribes into one national bed.5 The created boundaries were intentioned for easy control of the colonized by the colonizers. The structure of the Middle East states, created by the colonial powers had a bigger share to blame for the turmoil political atmosphere in the region. This is because the British and the French organized their colonies to consist of disparate groups who had no previous history of being governed as one entity.6 A good example of such states created from disparate groups is the current Iraq which was formed as a product of merging three Ottoman provinces that had little factors in common. This lack of commonality created lines of political weaknesses in their merger as one entity. Put differently, the European and Soviet imperialist created perilous situations that in one way or another encouraged and flamed

Leisure of the basis of culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leisure of the basis of culture - Essay Example I would therefore, recommend this book to all people who live to work and do not work to live. This will challenge them to take a break, and ponder on the beauty of life, which is not found in their work, but in meaningful leisure. I agree with all the claims made by Pieper in this book, as these are instances I experience every day, happening to me and to the people around me. Today, there is hardly time for leisure, as most people use every bit of their time in moneymaking activities, in order to live a comfortable life, which they have prioritized. Pieper does not condone this kind of lifestyle, but instead argues that people should find value in life by setting aside time for leisure, as it is also an important component of living. When talking about leisure and emphasizing its importance, Pieper was not portraying himself as a hedonist, as he talked about a different kind of leisure, and not what most people, especially the youth know about leisure. I agree with Pieper’s view of a different kind of leisure. Today, when someone mentions the word â€Å"leisure,† what rings in the minds of most young people is drinking, partying, dancing, watching television, and going for holidays, among other such entertainment. Pieper considers leisure to be that peaceful time a person has rest and finds time to pray, time to appreciate nature and all existence, time to make scientific discoveries, time to write music and literature, time to study a favourite topic, and time to produce art work. According to Pieper’s definition of leisure, one might understand that leisure is doing what a person loves doing most. However, these activities must add value to a person’s being. As opposed to entertainm ent, such as dancing, the real leisure does not lead to exhaustion or monotony. Pieper was right on this. From my personal experience, I can attest to this. I love reading educational and

Fascism in Germany and Italy Essay Example for Free

Fascism in Germany and Italy Essay Many similarities exist between German fascism, or Nazism, and Italian fascism. For example, both fascist movements were brought into power after facing very similar problems. One of the major problems that both countries encountered was a post-war economy teeming with instability. Germanys fragile economy was undermined by widespread unemployment, hyperinflation, and burdensome reparation payments, while Italys economy was just as delicate. In addition, the Great Depression brought both countries even further into economic collapse. Another problem that brought about fascism in the two countries was post-war peace settlements, especially the Versailles Treaty. While the Germans were exasperated by the exorbitant reparation payments forced upon them by the Allies, the Italians felt betrayed by the peace settlements for denying them the territory and status they deserved. Another problem that the two countries faced was their dissatisfaction with their existing governments. Many Germans were disgruntled with the Weimar Republic for signing the humiliating Treat of Versailles, while many Italians were apprehensive of the chaos within their parliamentary regime. Lastly, widespread fear of revolutionary upheaval and the expropriations of a Communism system also caused many Germans and Italians to identify with fascism. Both German fascism, led by Adolf Hitler and Italian fascism, led by Benito Mussolini exploited many economical and political difficulties within their nation in order to gain power. Hitler blamed Germanys ruined economy on the Weimar Republic, Communists, and Jews, while Mussolini blamed large Socialist and Catholic parties for Italys economic struggles. They also gained the support of farmers, small businessmen, civil servants, and young people by advocating strict nationalistic goals and blaming their economic troubles on the Bolsheviks. Nevertheless, the most crucial components of securing political power was though institutionalized violence and the abolishment of all other political parties. The fascist party under Hitler gained power by abolishing the press, public meeting, trade unions, and eventually, all other political parties. They also secured their total dominance by orchestrating violence to eliminate political enemies with the  Sturmabteilung and later, the Schutzst affel. Similarly, Mussolini used the Squadristi to attack his political enemies, the Catholics and the socialists, in order to secure fascist supremacy and make Italy a one-party dictatorship. Both the German and the Italian fascist regimes dominated business. In Italy, Mussolini lent money to many Italian businesses and acquired power in key industries such as steel, shipping, machinery, and electricity. Meanwhile, in Germany, Hitlers fascist government controlled industry, agriculture, and education. Newspaper and radio broadcasts were operated under strict censorship. In addition, both the German fascist regime and the Italian fascist regime strictly advocated nationalism, militarism, and institutionalized violence. One of the most important characteristics of the fascist regimes of Germany and Italy was nationalism. Nationalism spawned the idea of racial superiority, especially to Germany, and brought about territorial expansion and rearmament. The idea of territorial expansion stimulated militarism in both Germany and Italy. In Germany, Hitlers three goals, Lebensraum, rearmament, and economic recovery became the basis of his new foreign policy. Lebensraum, or living space, was Hitlers idea that superior nations had the right to conquer and expand into the territories of inferior states. Lebensraum brought about rearmament, and in 1935, Hitler publicly announced that Germany was rearming. The third phase of Hitlers foreign policy was economic recovery, which was directly linked to Lebensraum and rearmament, because not only did assembling weapons improve Germanys economy, but also the Balkan countries that Hitler annexed produced consumer goods for them. Similarly, in Italy, Mussolini was also rearming and targeting many weaker countries for his expansionist aims. In October 1936, the two fascist nations formed the Rome-Berlin Axis. Then, in May 1939, Germany and Italy agreed to offer each other military support both offensively and defensively by signing the Pact of Steel. Another act introduced by Hitler was the creation of Nazi controlled-organizations such as Hitler Youth, which taught German boys and girls between 10 and 18 to uphold his fascist values. However, the most unforgettable acts were his Nuremberg Laws, which deprived Jews of their  citizenship and forbade them from marriage. Then, on November 9, 1938, 20,000 to 30,00 Jews were sent to concentration camps and the night became known as Kristallnacht, or the night of broken glass.

Effects of spanking on children :: essays research papers

The use of spanking is one of the most controversial parenting practices and also one of the oldest, spanning throughout many generations. Spanking is a discipline method in which a supervising adult deliberately inflicts pain upon a child in response to a child’s unacceptable behaviour. Although spanking exists in nearly every country and family, its expression is heterogeneous. First of all the act of administering a spanking varies between families and cultures. As Gershoff (2002) pointed out, some parents plan when a spanking would be the most effective discipline whereas some parents spank impulsively (Holden, 2002). Parents also differ in their moods when delivering this controversial punishment, some parents are livid and others try and be loving and reason with the child. Another source of variation is the fact that spanking is often paired with other parenting behaviours such as, scolding, yelling, or perhaps raging and subsequently reasoning. A third source of varia tion concerns parental characteristics. Darling and Steinberg (1993) distinguished between the content of parental acts and the style in which it was administered (Holden, 2002). With all this variation researchers cannot definitively isolate the singular effects of spanking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden (2002) reviewed Gershoff’s (2002) meta-analyses of eighty-eight (88) studies and noted that there were both positive and negative outcomes associated with the punishment of spanking. According to Gershoff’s (2002) analysis, the one positive outcome was immediate compliance by the child (Holden, 2002). This result was found to be consistent in five (5) studies. Immediate compliance was defined as the child complying to the parents directive within five (5) seconds. In stark contrast, there were four (4) negative outcomes. The analysis showed a negative effect on the quality of the parent child relationship, the child’s mental health, the child’s perception of being a victim of physical child abuse, and also impacted aggression in adulthood (Holden, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spanking should always be of reasonable force, never leave bruises or marks, and only ever be on the buttocks. Spanking advocates argue that the buttocks are the safest place to administer corporal punishment since it produces a sharp stinging pain but injury is unlikely.

Effects Of Women Incarceration On Young Children Essay

Women incarceration has been on increase since the nineteenth century. This has had various effects on children of these imprisoned mothers. When a woman is incarcerated, whatever happens to their children is a matter of great concern. This paper aims at showing the impacts of women incarceration on children. This is in relation to their development and well being. (Beckerman, 1994) It is good to consider the family networks when looking at the impact of women incarceration on young children. A child’s development level has to be considered too when looking at the effects of women imprisonment. Parental incarceration has been increasing at an alarming rate since the year 1991. In the year 1991 there were approximately 450,000 parents imprisoned and by the year 2000 this number had increased to 437,400. The number of children that were affected also rose from 930,000 to 1,530, 500 during the same period. The number of women prisoners has continued to increase at a very fast rate as compared to men. From the year 1991 to the year 2000 there has been an 87 percent increase in the number incarcerated women as compared to 61 percent increase in number of incarcerated men. Research shows that fifty eight percent of the children that have incarcerated parents fall below the age of ten years. The mean age is eight years. Research indicates that forty eight percent of the women in prisons have never been married. This means that they are single parents. Twenty five percent of incarcerated women were separated or divorced. Approximately twenty three to thirty six percent of the women were married. Research shows that women incarceration can have different impacts on young children whether they were residing with the children or not when they got imprisoned. It is very obvious that in case the women were not staying with their children, then there are great chances that there was no meaningful social relationship between the two parties (children and mothers). Research shows that women incarceration has multiple effects on young children because when men are imprisoned, it is the women who take care of the children. When this happens mothers use ninety percent of their time in care giving. Now the case is the other way round, that is, when women are imprisoned. (Pollock, 2002) Research indicates that in the case of women incarceration the men only use twenty three to thirty one percent of their time to take care of young children. Friends can use approximately ten to twelve percent of their time to help while relatives assume the parenting role in approximately twenty six to thirty four percent of the cases only. These disparities in parenting responsibilities show the exact picture in the society that mothers play big roles in parenting especially in intact families. (Boudin, 1998) Women in most cases are more likely to be imprisoned because of fraud and drug offences. The type of offence always determines the period that they stay in prison. Women incarceration has got greater impacts on young children than men incarceration. According to various scholars, incarceration is not just a discrete or single event but it is actually a dynamic process that normally unfolds with time. (Chesney, 1983) Arrest phase The whole impact of women incarceration on children during this phase is indicated in an incomplete picture. Research shows that one out of five children is normally present at the time of arrest. The child normally witnesses the mother being taken to prison by policemen or the relevant authorities. Statistics show that in most cases, the other children are out playing or in school or doing other leisure activities. Research carried out in the year 2005 in United States shows that more than half of the children who witness this scenario are adversely affected. (Boudin, 1998) In most cases these children are normally below seven years and are care of their mother only as per that time. Surveys carried out in nine states in United States, that is, Chicago, Mississippi, Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, New Jersey, Boston, Florida and Washington D. C reveal this. Forty percent of the children who had ever witnessed their mothers being arrested were interviewed. Thirty eight percent of the children respondents admitted that they constantly suffered flashbacks and nightmares in relation to the incident. The occurrence was more prevalent during the first month that their mothers were arrested. Overall management of explanation There are so many controversies that enfold the issue of providing young children with the information concerning their mothers undergoing incarceration. There are those who argue that children should not know that their mother has undergone such a bad thing. This according to the assertions helps in minimizing the trauma that goes hand in hand with this separation. (Covington, 1997) On the other hand, other scholars argue that failure to disclose this important information can increase the emotional distress of the child. This is termed as conspiracy of silence. Regardless of whether women are the ones incarcerated or not, they are charged with the responsibility of explaining the whole situation to the children. Research carried out in the year 1997 indicates that out of thirty five cases only eight of these cases did the fathers offer their children an explanation concerning their mother being incarcerated. (Chesney, 1983) In most of the cases the explanation provided is quite general and vague. Many relatives and fathers lie to their children concerning the departure of their mother. There are variations such that some families use total deception while others use partial deception when explaining why the mother is missing. This conspiracy of deception has got various impacts on the children’s ability to cope with the whole issue. Children who are not well informed about their mother’s absence are very fearful and anxious. Inmost cases women incarcerations occur when the attachment of the children to their mothers has already developed. This can lead to adverse effects on the child because he or she could have spent the first nine to twelve months with the mother. (Covington, 1997) This normally results in insecure attachments. This is just but a consequence of the adverse shifts in life circumstances. This in most cases makes the child to have very poor relationships during his or her adolescent years. Another adverse effect of the child’s mother undergoing incarceration is that it makes the child to develop diminished cognitive abilities. This is very common to young children between two to six years of age. (Enos, 1998) The effects of women incarceration on young children are quite diverse. Young children with incarcerated mothers also tend to suffer from psychological or emotional problems. This is exhibited through withdrawal. In this case the children never want to associate with others and prefer being on their own even during play time. Psychological problems are also exhibited through depression, hyper vigilance and anxiety. In the case of hyper vigilance, the children are just too cautious or alert. The children whose mother has been incarcerated can also exhibit externalizing behaviors. They include great hostility towards siblings and caregivers, aggression and anger. Research in United States prisons shows that very few prisons permit women prisoners to keep their infants. In most of the cases the mothers are just permitted few days of contact with their babies. (Henriquez, 1996) This makes it very hard for the mother and baby to bond. This does not give the baby the opportunity to be familiar with the mother. When the mother is finally released from prison, she comes back home when the child has already developed and is not emotionally attached to her. This just results in children having behavioral and emotional problems later in life. (Pollock, 2002) In case the mother’s incarceration occurs when the children are in the school going age, they automatically get affected in their academics. These children also have problems with their peer relationships. Research shows that more than forty five percent of children with incarcerated mothers have school problems. This can result the children performing poorly at school. For young children between the ages of six to eight years old whose mothers were incarcerated, there was much unwillingness to go to school. This can be termed in other words as school phobias. This was in most cases for the up to six weeks after the mother being imprisoned. Other reports show that seventy one percent of 170 children of incarcerated mothers had very poor performance in their academics. They also had behavioral problems while in school. When other students know of the issue concerning the incarceration of the child, they tend to tease the child and he or she may become ostracized by peers. This can even lead to drop out from school if not suspension because of behavioral problems. (Enos, 1998) Boys and girls While the effects of women incarceration are expected to adversely affect girls more than boys, there is no adequate evidence to back up these allegations. Both boys and girls are normally adversely affected by the incarceration of their mothers. The only difference is that they generally express their reactions quite differently. Girls in most instances exhibit internalizing problems while boys exhibit externalizing behavior problems due to incarceration of their mother. (Owen, 1995) As illustrated earlier on, some of the women that are incarcerated are single parents. They may never have gotten married or they could have gone through a divorce. When arrests are made either to a man or a woman, there is normally no prior information that this act will be carried out. Therefore in most cases the woman is found off guard when she is not prepared to leave her family. This is in relation to who will fend or take care of the children. Children may have gone to school only to come back to an empty house without a mother. This can really cause distress to children when it is a single parent family as they have to fend for themselves. The impact is what we currently see on the streets-street children who were left behind by incarcerated mothers. This causes a lot of destabilization to young children because they are not old enough to work. They cannot afford to pay rent and therefore they just have to beg on the streets. Other children become house helps so that they can cater for their basis needs. They even carry work as baby sitters. Children whose mothers have been imprisoned can have eating problems. This is a result of the stress or depression of not having their mother around especially during meal times. Other children whose mothers have been incarcerated normally have clinging behavior. They also exhibit truancy in church attendance. When mothers are imprisoned the health of the children is known to automatically deteriorate. This is according to the recent studies carried out in Florida, Boston, Mississippi and New Jersey. Women are normally concerned with the health of the children a great deal more than men. There are instances when children have health problems and women because of their concern, take care of them. (Sobel, 1982) Most men come back late from work and leave early and therefore may not know so much in relation to the health of the children. Little things like allergies to foods are better known to the mother. When there is incarceration of the women the health of children declines because men or fathers care less. They may leave the duties to house helps who may not give maximum attention to the child as required. This results in health deterioration of children. Conclusion Incarceration of women has been on increase and this has got various effects on young children. Children who witness their mother being arrested have nightmares and flashbacks of the whole scenario. Fathers and relatives normally withhold information concerning the incarceration of the mother. This is conspiracy of silence and it increases fear and anxiety in children. A mother’s incarceration makes a child to have emotional or psychological problems which are exhibited through depression, hyper vigilance and anxiety. In case the child is of school going age it results in poor performance in his or her academics.

Simon as Silent Prophet of Lord Of The Flies Essay

Simon as Silent Prophet of Lord Of The Flies The role of the prophet changes with the society in which he lives. In Modern America, a prophet is a visionary, telling his people what they can become; in Biblical times, a prophet was the voice of God, telling his people what they had to become to fulfill their covenant with God. In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, though, the prophet told his people nothing; he realized what they had already become, and he dared not tell them because he knew they would turn against him. Simon lived in knowledge and fear because his society denied the role of the prophet, and he did not fight it because he wanted so much to be part of that society. The basic premise of Lord of†¦show more content†¦Simon, though he did not tell the other boys of his vision, was incapable of forgetting. He was the observant character, the quiet philosopher. He was often alone, sometimes by his own choice, and he liked to wander into the peaceful jungle. He sincerely cared about the other boys, sometimes helping the young ones to fetch fruit, yet Simon turned away from them and went where the just perceptible path led him. Soon high jungle closed in (56). He loved solitude and yet felt loneliness; he was alien to the other boys. The boys did not think anyone would be stupid enough to go into the jungle by night: The assembly grinned at the thought of going out into the darkness. Then Simon stood up and Ralph looked at him in astonishment (85). Many of the boys even thought he was batty because he left the group to spend time alone. He did not fear the jungle, and he did not fear the Beast. Maybe, he said hesitantly, maybe there is a beas t. . . . maybe its only us (89). The Beast takes many forms in the boys imaginations; once, they saw a strange shape moving at the top of a mountain, and they were afraid that it was the Beast. No one dared to go near it save Simon, who went alone to the mountaintop during one of his sojourns; he discovered that the Beast was only a dead parachuter whose gear shifted in the wind. Ironically, the dead man was a soldier, a symbol of the savagery that was the true Beast. However, Simons compassionShow MoreRelatedEssay on History of Crucifixion6118 Words   |  25 Pages(sedicula) or a wooden peg positioned midway on the upright supported the body weight from tearing open the wounds. Once the condemned was thus immobilized he was left alone, unable to attend to bodily functions, unprotected from inclement weather or flies, and, because the place of execution was usually some public street or prominent place, subjected to abusive words and mockery from passersby. Often the body was left to putrefy on the cross and becom e the prey of carrion birds to complete the utterRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesmainstream of popular culture through the use of music. Marley is not seen as a religious ï ¬ gure; rather he is seen as a rock star, a pop hero, an icon. And yet his faith is at the core of his music. Rastafarians have dubbed Marley the psalmist and prophet of the movement. This is a crucial part of the wonderful complexity of the Rastafarian movement. Jamaica owes a great debt to the men who formed the Rastafarian movement in the 1930s. Rastafarianism has served as a lightning rod of discussion about